You can use arduino based controllers based on the RepRap project.
I made this project using a small arduino based circuit.
http://www.thebox.myzen.co.uk/Hardware/CNC_Conversion.html
Is it possible to use a polou driver such as the one used in the Reprap design?
Yes that is what my project did.
Are there any other bits of info that I need to know for this project?
Basically the controller, the thing that steps the motors uses Gcode. You need something to transfer that Gcode to your CNC.