I would start by putting the resistors back the way you think they should be (5.6k gate/source I think). Then with the arduino completely disconnected, try to manually light up an LED by connecting the approprate voltage to the appropriate pins to turn on an LED.
I think your case this would be to hook up a ground, and have a couple 5v probes. hook one probe to the gate on one mosfet, and another on the leds anode lead (make sure to connect it before the resistor, so that you are using a resistor in circuit with the LED, or you may blow an LED. If you can manually light each LED one at a time, your LED setup is fine, you need to look at your programming or other circuitry.