Ok, 10KHz, 10 bits.
You have 1024 words (16 bits) of SRAM. Total.
So you could store 1024 samples max.
You need 10,000 sample/sec * 5 sec = 50,000 samples.
Can you add some external memory? None of the AVR chips have enough for a 1 clip capture.
WaveRP is an Arduino library for recording and playing Wave files with the Adafruit Wave Shield. It records 8-bit mono files at 4,000 to 44,100 samples per second.
Use of the Wave record/play library, WaveRP, requires the following:
Arduino with a 5 volt 328 processor.
Low noise power source such as a nine volt DC adapter or battery.
Adafruit Wave Shield (version 1.1 is best but 1.0 works)
Microphone preamp. A circuit for a simple preamp is included in the documentation.
Microphone, PC type with 3.5 mm plug. See the documentation for details.
SD/SDHC formatted with 32KB allocation units.
See the readme.txt file and library documentation for more information