There isn't a driver problem on the Mac since there aren't any drivers.
- There is a possibility that I've exposed the 5v and GND pins for a long time since I used them as a power source while I was soldering a PCB board
This sounds highly suspicious, even though I don't completely understand what is being said.
mixania:
Will I be able to program my broken Arduino Uno using the ICSP port
Yes, assuming the only problem is a corrupted bootloader or ATmega16u2 (the usb to serial chip). I'd start with the USB to serial chip, since your computer isn't talking to that one anymore.