Semi solved the problem.
The problem was a bad crystal. The arduino ide programmed the fuses to use crystal oscilator, but the crystal was broken. I replaced it and it started detecting the chip, but the write process aborts. I tried also with a 8Mhz crystal-less setup with exactly the same result.
# /usr/lib/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude -C/usr/lib/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -patmega328p -cstk500v1 -P/dev/ttyUSB0 -b19200 -Uflash:w:/usr/lib/arduino/hardware/arduino/bootloaders/atmega/ATmegaBOOT_168_atmega328.hex:i -Ulock:w:0x0F:m
avrdude: AVR device initialized and ready to accept instructions
Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.12s
avrdude: Device signature = 0x1e950f
avrdude: NOTE: FLASH memory has been specified, an erase cycle will be performed
** To disable this feature, specify the -D option.**
avrdude: erasing chip
avrdude: reading input file "/usr/lib/arduino/hardware/arduino/bootloaders/atmega/ATmegaBOOT_168_atmega328.hex"
avrdude: writing flash (32670 bytes):
Writing | ############################################### | 94% 0.01savrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
I think it is better to start a new thread with this issue.