can you read or write 8 bits at once?

I read that all 8 bit binary numbers had been explicitly defined in Arduino and was surprised that they were not "natively" supported in C/C++. But I have a question. I just tried this: int x = B01001100; and the compiler didn't complain. Then I tried adding 8 more bits and it squawked. I guess that makes sense if only the first 256 binary numbers are defined, but doesn't it take 16 bits to be an integer type? Does this mean you can access only the low byte in an integer using binary?