Me vs. P-Channel MOSFET & LED | Led never turns off completely

You are right, it's sufficient to turn it on. But the problem is to turn it off...
When arduino send "high" - 5V, there would be still voltage between source-gate equal :
Vsg = Vleds - Vhigh
Circuit #16 is o'k till Vpower = 5V. If it goes up (12V or higher for a few leds) the would be an issue