Yes, try it. Am not sure how cleanly the 16MHz carry over using jumper wires, that may cause you a problem.
All the examples I have seen using a depopulated Duemilanove for example jumpered over to a breadboarded part for programming had an oscillatar with the breadboarded part, which I would suggest to match your final configuration.
Some of the early discussions I saw when I started arduino-ing involved 2 and 4 parts on PCBs running off the same crystal (not sure if that was this forum or not, I came across one or two less useful ones before settling here). But that was colocated chips & PCB traces, not wires up in the air.
Be sure to let us know if it works!