So many possibilities to troubleshoot... Where do I begin?

Those are not seperate leds, that is a led strip.
So you don't need the shift registers, and you don't need the ULN2004 drivers, you need to control a led strip.
Or do you want to control 8 led strips ?

Simple led strips can be controlled by a 12V pwm signal (or 3 for RGB color), some have a control chip.
I think you have a simple one.

The best way is to use 3 mosfets for a 12V pwm signal.
On this page:
http://www.pighixxx.com/abc-arduino-basic-connections/
Click on "Set 2 (Card 4,5,6)", look at card 5 how to control a led strip.
The orange label "OUT" is an arduino pin. So you need 3 pwm arduino pins, and that is all (for just one led strip that is).