Wow, I stand corrected. Someone did find a way to do it using an even more baroque solution than I ever though possible... using the normally incidental phone keytones during a call... 
Sure I suppose it's possible to replicate this control system using a Arduino. However there are better ways to do this with an Arduino, some of them don't even require phones. Is there some reason why you want this specific control system, or are you open to alternatives?