Lots of hits on google for 'arduino laser communication'. In theory it's not too hard to send digital data of any sort over a laser-photodiode link. In practice, there are lots of interesting variables you'll have to tame: noise, precision alignment, and slow photodiodes to name a few.
To send a file you might look into SD card support. Do not expect to achieve megabit per second speeds; you'll be doing well to get into the kilobit per second range with reliability using off the shelf parts.
You might want to start by building a little test rig to send and receive data over a short distance and work it up from there.
Here are some guys who take this stuff to the limit for fun: http://www.modulatedlight.org
-br