C++ What is and isn't implemented in the Arduino IDE

I am not afraid to say that I am finding the avr-libc link very hard going ....
Not understanding the constructs doesn't help either.

Someone just suggested, as an answer to another question, that I define a function, at least I think that is what the line of code is doing.

I am really struggling with what can be done and how to go about it, I guess its all part of learning a new skill.
It will only get better and easier as I go, its the getting started that stings.

SO ... Am correct in thinking that I should look at a C++ reference for possible solutions to problems and then check if those solutions are implemented in avr-libc?