int distanceValues[10] PROGMEM = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
In loop()? I don't think you yet understand PROGMEM.
Program memory is read-only. It is populated at compile time. You are trying to populate it at run time. Since that doesn't happen, the "garbage" you are printing makes sense (to me).