SPI or SD library problem?

Hola Baltasar. Not sure but I think is a SPI issue.
According to DUO variant.h, SS pin is 77. I think you are playing with MEGA pins SCK(52) and SS(53). Try 77 and see.
Here SPI DUO MEGA for comparison:

  • DUE Board pin | PORT |

  • 74 MISO | PA25 |

  • 75 MOSI | PA26 |

  • 76 SCLK | PA27 |

  • 77 NPCS0 | PA28 |

  • MEGA Board pin | PORT |

  • 50 MISO | PB3 |

  • 51 MOSI | PB2 |

  • 52 SCK | PB1 |

  • 53 SS | PB0 |