...I2C addresses > 127 are not valid. Which means the assertion is correct and the problem is very likely in your sketch.
I just double checked my sketch. It works perfectly on the Mega 265 board.
The only device using I2C is a two-wire LCD display.
To print a message i use this code:
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(display_line_1);
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(display_line_2);
In other words, I don't have to bodder with adressing.
I just send the text I want to print via the library to the display.
After digging through the tutorials (thank you, great stuff

), I have a wild hunch where the problem may come from.
The library is written for a 16mHz and not for a 82Mhz chip:
// overclcking I2C
#define CPU_FREQ 16000000L // (...) - a discuter, car fonction vitesse clock cpu
#define TWI_FREQ_MCP23008 400000LDo i have to replace those Lines with the new clock speed?
// overclcking I2C
#define CPU_FREQ 82000000L // (...) - a discuter, car fonction vitesse clock cpu
#define TWI_FREQ_MCP23008 400000L <--- do i need to modify this line too?