Does the Arduino provide native support "integral calculus" through the Arduino programming language? No.
Can you find a library that someone has already written to do this? I don't know, but I would guess someone out there has done it so it's worth looking for.
Can you program your own library, or your own functions to do it? Yes. As someone has said, finding discrete integrals is really pretty simple with just about any programming language out there.
I would seriously doubt there are any microcontrollers out there that support it natively. Heck, even supercomputers rely on software to do that for them.