The total size of the Arduino bootloader and the sketch from fat16lib and the sketch on the sd card can not be bigger than the total amount of flash memory on your Arduino.
Correct, except that the program written by fat16lib (or something similar) should be added to the bootloader so the Arduino can boot from an SD card. So there would only be two programs, the BL and the application sketch.
Is the sketch from fat16lib some code I include in my sketch or is it a sketch on its own.
The program written by fatlib16 is a file reader, if added to a bootloader the lot will reside in the upper portion of the flash memory. In general a bootloader will get a file from somewhere (UART or SD or outer space, it doesn't matter) and burn the contents of that file into lower flash memory.
Having done so it will jump to the newly burned program.
Now I think we started talking about the bootloader testing for a file on the SD at power up, if it finds the file it does the above. If not it simply jumps into the resident program.
What optimistx is talking about it taking it a step further. On a given trigger the bootloader could download a file from say the internet, burn it into the SD card then restart the chip. This would cause the above mechanism to be invoked and voila you can update your gadget from 10000k away with no need to mail an SD card or have the user burn one themselves.
Is the sketch from fat16lib some code I include in my sketch or is it a sketch on its own.
He has provided some utility functions that can be used in your programs, plus a few test sketches.
When the sketch from fat16lib has uploaded the SD card content and I remove the sd card and reset arduino what is running on the arduino? the sdcard code or the sketch from fat16lib?
As I understand it the code is just a file reader not a bootloader. So it doesn't write to the flash at all, so if you load one of the test sketches that's what will always run regardless of how many times you read a file from the SD.
The code on the sdcard is this a hex file?
At present I think it simply reads any file, it could be the first chapter of "War and Peace". When/if this is incorporated into a bootloader the file format can be HEX or binary or anything, however HEX would be the most likely.
I've not been following this for a few days and just caught up, apologies if I have the wrong end of the stick.
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Rob