Sending a value to Arduino UNO(pyserial), then transfer that to a slave(SPI)

encode(), as far as I understand, transforms the string into UTF-8 format by default

That sounds correct, but I have no clue what Arduino will do with the bytes encoded as UTF-8. Perhaps it would be better to use the Python chr() function and then encode as ascii for serial.

ser.write(chr(194).encode('ascii'))
ser.write(chr(240).encode('ascii'))
ser.write(chr(5).encode('ascii'))
ser.write(chr(8).encode('ascii'))
ser.write(chr(95).encode('ascii'))
ser.write(chr(45).encode('ascii'))
ser.write(chr(67).encode('ascii'))
ser.write(chr(81).encode('ascii'))

Update:

>>> chr(194).encode('ascii')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode character '\xc2' in position 0: ordinal not in range(128)
>>>

does not work, so I am not sure what encoding will work, I don't think UTF-8 turns into single bytes like ascii.

Update2:

>>> bytes(chr(194))
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: string argument without an encoding
>>> bytes(chr(194).encode())
b'\xc3\x82'

So it is clear that UTF-8 is not going to work.