I don't think there are "probes" to measure all of those things.
Apart from temperature, the main thing you can measure in water, is electrical
conductivity. For specific applications, you can draw conclusions from the measured
electrical conductivity based on known relationships between conductivity and concentration
of anions and cations in the water. But you cannot easily determine which anions and
cations.
You can also measure pH, which has some complications and requires calibration.
To detect other things, you are usually looking at some kind of characteristic chemical
reaction ( such as silver with chloride ions ), which is difficult to do with a "probe".