I want to use serial 3 to send to a second computer, so I can monitor variables on a second machine, while programming on machine one.
I have a USB to serial adapter, but read that rs232 is 12v. Are the USB to serial adapters actually rs232/12v, or can I simply hook from serial 3 TX on the Arduino to some pin on my usb/serial adapter?
It depends on your adapter - RS232 serial is indeed 12v (and even -12v!), and will quickly fry your poor Arduino. However, if you happen to have a TTL level serial adapter, it will probably run at +5v and 0v, as the Arduino expects. You can easily by TTL level usb-serial adapters from sites like SparkFun - the FTDI chip that older Arduinos have is a commonly used USB-serial IC, and breakout boards for it will cost you around $10-$15.
Alternatively, you can use a MAX232 IC to convert RS232 serial to TTL level serial, and use your existing adapter - it's just a bit more work, although probably cheaper if you get it right the first time.
some of them do contain capacitor based boost circuits. however if they are rs232 their output signal will be inverted and you will have to invert it again to get a signal that your arduino can understand. by inverting i mean a high on the converter needs to be a low to the arduino, and a low on the converter needs to be a high to the arduino.