1.8.1 does not start

This is the reason:

ashleyf:
java.io.FileNotFoundException: C:\Users\Clive\AppData\Local\Arduino15\preferences.txt (Access is denied)

I'm not sure exactly what the cause of the problem is. 1.6.12 should also be using that file and obviously it can do so without a problem. You could try right clicking on the Arduino IDE shortcut and then choosing "Run as administrator". Another option is to use the IDE in portable mode by creating a folder in the Arduino IDE installation folder named portable. This will cause the preference file to be located inside of that folder, which may not have the same access issues as the other location.