What is a part called, that rectifies powerful PWM (10 A)?

You don't "rectify" PWM (the term you are looking for is to "smooth" it) - you just use it to control your heater.

That's the whole idea - the heater doesn't care - being fed with full power for half the time is exactly the same as being fed with half power (which would incidentally, correspond to 1/√2 times the voltage).