yowazgoodtho:
*** Note: all of these are in context to arduino***
-VDC FD (in context to an LED light, VDC possibly means voltage direct current) :
Forward voltage drop across the diode? Look it up in Wikipedia.
"Sync error" might be "syntax error". (I get the impression there may be some transcription problems between the teachers original questions and your post, e.g. "begin" became "benign".)
BTW, "begin" is the name of a standard "method" that in general every C++ "class" will have. You should read up on "C++ class" and "C++ method".
Similarly, "Initially" might have been "initialize"
When a program starts, the programmer (you, hopefully) will typically write some code that has the purpose of setting all the program variables (and hardware state settings, if required) to their required initial values. (For example, if you are writing a program that involves keeping track of some sum of values, you may have a variable called "sum" which normally would be initialized to 0 for the program work properly.)
void loop() and void setup() are standard names for the Arduino "sketch" (a non-standard version of C++) functions. The setup() function is specifically used for initialization as described above. Look up "Arduino sketch" and you should get a better explanation.
Configuration is a very general term in programming typically used to describe setting variables or parameters of a program or routine to suit the particular purpose. So a "configurable" program will have parameters or settings that can be adjusted as part of it's design, whereas a non-configurable program will have to be modified at the source code level if changes in function are required. It's really just a question of how much flexibility and generality was built into the design.
Anyway, as others have suggested, if you really want it all to make sense, roll up your sleeves, download the Arduino IDE, and play with (i.e. modify) some of the example programs to see how it all works. You are almost guaranteed to find a few of those elusive "syntax errors" on the way. Good luck, and have fun (because it is fun.)