Sizing transformer for linear DC supply

justjed:
Interesting to note that TI recommends an input bypass of 0.1uF ceramic. Due to the discrepancy of capacitance from the values you're recommending, should I assume that the 'bypass' is serving a completely different function here? (I'm aware of bypass as used for, e.g. VCC in to an IC.)

Yes, that capacitor is for preventing the regulator from oscillating. Keep it close to the regulator.

justjed:
I assume there aren't any particular gotchas for the bridge IC, as long as I pick one that'll handle the current. This one or any similar.

That one should be just fine.

justjed:
ETA: Finding more web sites repeating the same ripple calculation. Well, okay, I'll take it on faith. 24 mF gives me .7V ripple, if I'm not dropping a decimal point or something. And that just seems way off. .7 = 2/(120*.024)

That's 24 milliFarads for 0.7V ripple, in other words 24000 microFarads. Actual ripple will be a bit less than that, the formula is only approximate.