No, using the Arduino IDE, you only write the code that runs on the Arduino itself. But you can use other programming languages and environments to write programs for your computer.
Processing used to be pretty popular for creating GUIs that could communicate with an Arduino, because it's very similar to the Arduino IDE (both the interface and the syntax).
If you want to know system parameters, you might want to use a more flexible and powerful language, like python, for example. I think you could psutil to get CPU/RAM usage and clock speed etc.
Python is just an example, you could use pretty much any programming language that allows you to create a GUI with buttons and that can open a serial port for communication with the Arduino.
You'll have to write some kind of protocol that allows the software to communicate with the Arduino, to tell it what effect it has to display, and with what parameters.
Pieter