How to: drive common cathode led with Arduino?

Yes that is the sort of thing. Note you will need a voltage greater than 15v and you need one for each LED group. You can not wire them in parallel because they will not shair current equally.
At the moment disasister has been avoided because you are totally under running the LEDs but that is not a long term stratagy for any electronic design.

Yes you will be able to PWM that circuit.