I think you want a .1uF bypass capacitor on the FTDI chip 3V3OUT pin, and near the USB connector (like the FTDI datasheet shows). The FTDI is running at 3V3 inside so that bypass may help.
If you get the bypass on the 3V3OUT pin and still no luck, then try without the 10uF capacitor on VUSB on the laptop, that big capacitor may cause a hot plug current pulse that trips some of the newer USB protection devices (4.7uF is shown on the FTDI datasheet).
Had some issues with this simulation:
but got it working (run with chrome) , it shows the current flow durring a hot plug event, I would be very intrested if that was the problem.