Thanks a lot for taking the time to explain that beautifully. Got it working fine at 100kHz.
Just a small correction. In the newer datasheet, its Table 7-1. I had searched for Table 6-1 and couldn't find it. For anyone searching for it in the future, search for "PORT Function Multiplexing" in the datasheet.
I'm trying to make a LED (pin 8 ) blink with PWM, changing the frequency to value visible to the eyes. Is it possible in some ways?
If your intention is to simply blink an LED, then it's possible to run the TC or TCC timers at a lower frequency.
Here's some code that blinks an LED at 0.5Hz, 1 second on, 1 second off on digital pin D8. It uses the TCC1 timer in Normal Frequency (NFRQ) mode, this mode simply toggles the D8 output each time the timer overflows (every second):
// Toggle LED output 1 second on, 1 second off (0.5Hz) on digital pin D8 using timer TCC1
void setup()
{
// Feed GCLK0 to TCC0 and TCC1
GCLK->CLKCTRL.reg = GCLK_CLKCTRL_CLKEN | // Enable GCLK0
GCLK_CLKCTRL_GEN_GCLK0 | // Select GCLK0
GCLK_CLKCTRL_ID_TCC0_TCC1; // Feed GCLK0 to TCC0 and TCC1
while (GCLK->STATUS.bit.SYNCBUSY); // Wait for synchronization
// Enable the port multiplexer for the TCC1 PWM channel 0 (digital pin D8), SAMD21 pin PA06
PORT->Group[g_APinDescription[8].ulPort].PINCFG[g_APinDescription[8].ulPin].bit.PMUXEN = 1;
// Connect the TCC0 timer to the port outputs - port pins are paired odd PMUO and even PMUXE
// F & E specify the timers: TCC0, TCC1 and TCC2
PORT->Group[g_APinDescription[8].ulPort].PMUX[g_APinDescription[8].ulPin >> 1].reg |= PORT_PMUX_PMUXE_E;
TCC1->PER.reg = 46874; // Set TCC1 timer to overflow every 1 second: 48MHz / (1024 * 46874 + 1) = 1Hz
while(TCC0->SYNCBUSY.bit.PER); // Wait for synchronization
TCC1->CTRLA.reg |= TCC_CTRLA_PRESCALER_DIV1024; // Set TCC1 prescaler to 1024
TCC1->CTRLA.bit.ENABLE = 1; // Enable the TCC1 output
while (TCC1->SYNCBUSY.bit.ENABLE); // Wait for synchronization
}
void loop() {}
Amazing, thanks a lot.
And then I simply use the AnalogWrite for PWM as always right?
Last question; if I would like to use the digital pins 2-3 for the same purpose, do I need to change the value to another timer or is the code the same?
And then I simply use the AnalogWrite for PWM as always right?
Unfortunately the issue with the analogWrite() function, is that it will set up a predefined timer and frequency on a given pin, this will interfere with code above.
if I would like to use the digital pins 2-3 for the same purpose, do I need to change the value to another timer or is the code the same?
That depends if you need to change the signal's frequency (period) or duty-cycle. Changing the frequency affects the whole timer and all of its output channels, while the duty-cycle can be set for each individual channel.
What would you like the LED outputs to do? What frequency (range) and duty-cycle do you intend to use?
Unfortunately the issue with the analogWrite() function, is that it will set up a predefined timer and frequency on a given pin, this will interfere with code above.
I've tried the analogWrite(8,x) with your code and it works fine. Changing the value of x between 0 and 255 change the time which the led stay on in a period of one second.
What would you like the LED outputs to do? What frequency (range) and duty-cycle do you intend to use?
The purpose is the same as the pin 8. I need to make two led connected on pin 2 and 3 blinks with the PWM so, it would be amazing if I can set the frequency to 0.5Hz as on the previous example and then I make it blink slower or faster changing the duty cycle with analogWrite(2,x) and analogWrite(3,x)
Does the changing of the PWM frequency on pins 2 and 3 will change the running time of my whole firmware (like will change delays) or is it unlinked from the actual clock speed of the board?
I've tried the analogWrite(8,x) with your code and it works fine. Changing the value of x between 0 and 255 change the time which the led stay on in a period of one second.
The analogWrite() function sort of works in this instance, because it's using the same timer (TCC1). However, behind the scenes it does change the timer's configuration and should now be giving you an on/off time of around 1.4s (0.7Hz).
If you require control over the duty-cycle of the signal on digital pin D8 then it's better to set up TCC1 for Normal PWM (NPWM) operation. Changes to the duty-cycle are made by loading the Counter Compare Buffered Channel 0 (CCB0) register with a value between 0 (0%) and the Period (PER) register (100%).
Here's the code to do that:
// Set up timer TCC1 to output a 0.5Hz signal on digtal pin D8
void setup()
{
// Feed GCLK0 to TCC0 and TCC1
GCLK->CLKCTRL.reg = GCLK_CLKCTRL_CLKEN | // Enable GCLK0
GCLK_CLKCTRL_GEN_GCLK0 | // Select GCLK0
GCLK_CLKCTRL_ID_TCC0_TCC1; // Feed GCLK0 to TCC0 and TCC1
while (GCLK->STATUS.bit.SYNCBUSY); // Wait for synchronization
// Enable the port multiplexer for the TCC1 PWM channel 0 (digital pin D8), SAMD21 pin PA06
PORT->Group[g_APinDescription[8].ulPort].PINCFG[g_APinDescription[8].ulPin].bit.PMUXEN = 1;
// Connect the TCC0 timer to the port outputs - port pins are paired odd PMUO and even PMUXE
// F & E specify the timers: TCC0, TCC1 and TCC2
PORT->Group[g_APinDescription[8].ulPort].PMUX[g_APinDescription[8].ulPin >> 1].reg |= PORT_PMUX_PMUXE_E;
TCC1->WAVE.reg |= TCC_WAVE_WAVEGEN_NPWM; // Setup single slope PWM on TCC1
while (TCC1->SYNCBUSY.bit.WAVE); // Wait for synchronization
TCC1->PER.reg = 93749; // Set the TCC1 timer to overflow every 1 second: 48MHz / (1024 * 93749 + 1) = 0.5Hz
while(TCC0->SYNCBUSY.bit.PER); // Wait for synchronization
TCC1->CC[0].reg = 46875; // Set the TCC1 duty cycle to 50% (PER / 2)
while(TCC0->SYNCBUSY.bit.CC0); // Wait for synchronization
TCC1->CTRLA.reg |= TCC_CTRLA_PRESCALER_DIV1024; // Set TCC1 prescaler to 1024
TCC1->CTRLA.bit.ENABLE = 1; // Enable the TCC1 output
while (TCC1->SYNCBUSY.bit.ENABLE); // Wait for synchronization
}
void loop()
{
TCC1->CCB[0].reg = 23437; // Set the TCC1 duty cycle to 25% (PER / 4)
while(TCC0->SYNCBUSY.bit.CCB0); // Wait for synchronization
delay(4000); // Wait for 4 seconds
TCC1->CCB[0].reg = 70312; // Set the TCC1 duty cycle to 75% (PER * 3 / 4)
while(TCC0->SYNCBUSY.bit.CCB0); // Wait for synchronization
delay(4000); // Wait for 4 seconds
}
... and the timer and timer channel to TCC1, channel 1, for example:
TCC1->CCB[1].reg = 23437; // Set the TCC1 duty cycle to 25% (PER / 4)
while(TCC1->SYNCBUSY.bit.CCB1); // Wait for synchronization
Making changes to the TCCx timers won't affect the timing delay(), delayMicroseconds(), millis() or micros() functions, as they're generated using the SAMD21's Systick (System Tick) timer.
Hi MartinL
How to set d3 and d4 pin to 20kHz or 30khz (arduino M0)
and change duty cycle in loop to control the motor with high resolution (10 bit) for example
can i connect to it to tcc0 ? or i need tcc0 to d4 and tcc1 to d3 ?
Here's an example of that generates 30kHz PWM on digital pins D3 and D4, it provides 10-bit resolution (log(1600)/log(2)) on both outputs.
Note that on the Arduino M0 board's D2 and D4 pins are reversed with respect to the Arduino Zero's, (I've accounted for that in the code):
// Output 30kHz PWM on digital pins D3 and D4 on Arduino.org M0 board
// Note: D2 and D4 are reversed on Arduino MO with respect to Arduino Zero
void setup()
{
// Feed GCLK0 to TCC0 and TCC1
GCLK->CLKCTRL.reg = GCLK_CLKCTRL_CLKEN | // Enable GCLK0 as a clock source
GCLK_CLKCTRL_GEN_GCLK0 | // Select GCLK0
GCLK_CLKCTRL_ID_TCC0_TCC1; // Feed GCLK0 to TCC0 and TCC1
while (GCLK->STATUS.bit.SYNCBUSY); // Wait for synchronization
// Enable the port multiplexer for pins D3 and D4
PORT->Group[g_APinDescription[3].ulPort].PINCFG[g_APinDescription[3].ulPin].bit.PMUXEN = 1;
PORT->Group[g_APinDescription[4].ulPort].PINCFG[g_APinDescription[4].ulPin].bit.PMUXEN = 1;
// D3 is on ODD port pin PA09 and TCC0/WO[1] channel 1 is on peripheral E
// D4 is on EVEN port pin PA14 and TCCO/WO[4] channel 0 is on peripheral F
PORT->Group[g_APinDescription[3].ulPort].PMUX[g_APinDescription[3].ulPin >> 1].reg |= PORT_PMUX_PMUXO_E;
PORT->Group[g_APinDescription[4].ulPort].PMUX[g_APinDescription[4].ulPin >> 1].reg |= PORT_PMUX_PMUXE_F;
// Normal (single slope) PWM operation: timer countinuouslys count up to PER register value and then is reset to 0
TCC0->WAVE.reg |= TCC_WAVE_WAVEGEN_NPWM; // Setup single slope PWM on TCC1
while (TCC0->SYNCBUSY.bit.WAVE); // Wait for synchronization
TCC0->PER.reg = 1599; // Set the frequency of the PWM on TCC0 to 30kHz: 48MHz / (1599 + 1) = 30kHz
while (TCC0->SYNCBUSY.bit.PER); // Wait for synchronization
// The CCx register value corresponds to the pulsewidth in microseconds (us)
TCC0->CC[1].reg = 800; // TCC0 CC1 - 50% duty cycle on D3
while (TCC0->SYNCBUSY.bit.CC1); // Wait for synchronization
TCC0->CC[0].reg = 800; // TCC0 CC0 - 50% duty cycle on D4
while (TCC0->SYNCBUSY.bit.CC0); // Wait for synchronization
TCC0->CTRLA.bit.ENABLE = 1; // Enable the TCC0 counter
while (TCC0->SYNCBUSY.bit.ENABLE); // Wait for synchronization
}
void loop()
{
// Using buffered counter compare registers (CCBx)
TCC0->CCB[1].reg = 400; // TCC0 CCB1 - 25% duty cycle on D3
while (TCC0->SYNCBUSY.bit.CCB1); // Wait for synchrnoization
TCC0->CCB[0].reg = 400; // TCC0 CCB1 - 25% duty cycle on D4
while (TCC0->SYNCBUSY.bit.CCB0); // Wait for synchronization
delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second
TCC0->CCB[1].reg = 1200; // TCC0 CCB1 - 75% duty cycle on D3
while (TCC0->SYNCBUSY.bit.CCB1); // Wait for synchrnoization
TCC0->CCB[0].reg = 1200; // TCC0 CCB1 - 75% duty cycle on D4
while (TCC0->SYNCBUSY.bit.CCB0); // Wait for synchronization
delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second
}
in attachement Schematic
d3 connected to "pa09"
d4 connected to "pa08"
Is that means my d3 and d4 pin on peripheral E ? for timer tcc0?
Yes that's right. In this instance the TCC0 channels 0 and 1 are now on peripheral E for pins D4 and D3 respectively, the same as the Arduino Zero.
Just replace the Peripheral Multiplexing (PMUX) lines in the above example with the following line:
// D3 is on ODD port pin PA09 and TCC0/WO[1] channel 1 is on peripheral E
// D4 is on EVEN port pin PA08 and TCCO/WO[0] channel 0 is on peripheral E
PORT->Group[g_APinDescription[3].ulPort].PMUX[g_APinDescription[3].ulPin >> 1].reg = PORT_PMUX_PMUXO_E | PORT_PMUX_PMUXE_E;
I am curious why CCB2 and CCB3 do not seem to be included for TCC1 and TCC2. I tried enabling TCC1_CCB2 using the following code but it seemed to not do anything.
The SAMD21G18A microcontroller on the Arduino Zero and MKR boards only has 3 TCC timers, namely: TCC0, TCC1 and TCC2. Only the later SAMD21 variants, such as the SAMD21G17D and SAMD21G17L incorporate the TCC3 timer.
TCC0 has 4 channels output on WO[0] to WO[3] and repeated on WO[4] to WO[7].
TCC1 has 2 channels output on WO[0] to WO[1] and repeated on WO[2] to WO[3].
TCC2 has 2 channels output on WO[0] to WO[1], but are not repeated.
The repeated outputs can act either as an alternative timer output option, or as an inverted complementary output.
The SAMD21G18A also includes TC timers: TC3, TC4 and TC5 that provide more basic PWM functionality.
Thank you so much for clearing that up. Shame on me for not reading the datasheet more carefully. It is well laid out in the Configuration Summary section.
Another question for you if you don't mind since you seem quite knowledgeable on this subject. Is there a recommended way to phase shift my PWM outputs so they don't all switch at the same time? I am driving MOSFETs directly from the MCU pins which will drive LEDs, I am just trying to spread out current spikes.
I am using all 3 TCCs and need to be able to vary the duty cycle dynamically for each channel.
Shift pulses within the period timeframe, basically boils down to 3 options, but depends on which channels you're using on the TCCx timers:
1) Deadtime Insertion
Deadtime Insertion can delay the leading edge of the complementary low side output, by loading the 8-bit DTLS register with the number of GCLK timer ticks the waveform is to be delayed. However, this functionality is only available on the TCC0 timer and the single deadtime counter can either be activated or deactivated on each channel (and it's inverted complementary output).
2) Dual-Slope Critical PWM Mode
Dual-Slope Critical PWM Mode sets up a centre-aligned PWM pulse and uses one CCx channel to control the postion of the leading edge and a second to control the trailing. This method is only available on TCC0 and essentially sacrifices two CC channels per waveform, such that TCC0 can provide only two Dual Slope Critical waveforms.
3) Output Inversion/Channel Polarity
Simply inverting the output and the CCx register's value with respect to the period (PER-CCx), allows the waveform to be moved from the front to the rear of period timeframe.
It's also possible to achieve the same effect by altering the channel's polarity, in other words reversing the compare output.