Buffering BME280 sensor reads using ISR

Can you recommend a library that doesn't use interrupts?

As far as I can tell, that device is an I2C device, which means that it's read from/written to using the Wire library, which is all about interrupts. So, no.

Why do you need to read the device in an ISR? The blink without delay philosophy should be sufficient to allow you to read the device at regular intervals without using timer interrupts.