I use 1400kv brushless motor
1400 kilovolts? How the hell do you expect to get that thing off the ground?
connected with 30A ESC
How are you powering this?
and I have no idea how to program it.
Building a quadcopter is not project one in anyone's book.
It is possible to program ESC without ESC programming card and RC transmitter?
Of course. The phrase "program the ESC" is incorrect, though. The ESC doesn't need programming. It needs controlling. You can control the ESC from the Arduino.
My idea is to use the other pins of arduino to program ESC or act as the control of quadcopter (trial version). May I know will this works?
If the idea is to create a device that follows a specific path, climb to x feet, move y feet at heading a, etc., then yes.
If the idea is to have some control over how the device moves, then how are you expecting to get that data to the device?