Hi @abratchik. Thanks for your interest in contributing to the Arduino project!
The only reason why you didn't find a contribution guide for arduino/ArduinoCore-avr is because nobody got around to adding one. It certainly isn't locked for contribution. The only Arduino repositories that are truly locked for contribution are the ones that have been
archived. It will be clear from visiting the repository on GitHub that it is archived, and you will find that there is no option to submit pull requests to these repositories.
Now I will be honest with you that there are other repositories that aren't archived, but which are not very actively maintained. You can get an indication of these repositories by checking the date of the last commit in the repository, which will be shown on the repository's home page on GitHub. You are still welcome to submit pull requests to these repositories, but don't be too impatient for them to be merged. Arduino has hundreds of repositories, so it's difficult for the developers to find time to manage all of them. Even if your pull request is not merged right away, your proposed changes are made prominently accessible to everyone, so even if it doesn't make it into the official code quickly, the community can still easily use your version of the code.
The general guidelines you find in the Arduino CLI contributing guide also apply to contributing to any of Arduino's repositories, but there is also quite a bit of information in that guide that is specific to the Arduino CLI project and doens't apply to arduino/ArduinoCore-avr. A more general guide can be found here:
https://github.com/arduino/Arduino/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.mdPlease let me know if you have any questions.