I can't see how you think this is a charlieplexed circuit. It just looks like a normal multiplexed circuit to me.
Even so it won't work because you have only one resistor in the common anode (or cathode), that means the brightness of a segment is dependent on how many segments are on at any one time. That means you are restricted to only having one segment on at any one time. For 5 displays this gives you a multiplex ratio of 35 to 1, so the segments will probably be too dim to see.
without drivers or transistors
Is your problem.