The ams1117 creates a 5 volt supply for the Nano when it is powered from the Vin pin. When powered by usb, the regulator does nothing.
The 3v3 supply is sourced by the CH340G/FT232 and it is not capable of powering the nrf24l0 as it can exceed 100ma on transmit, well beyond the capability of the chips. You’ll need an external 3.3 LDO regulator.
There are small NRF24 interface boards available on eBay for $1 (US) that provide the proper regulator and caps. The NRF24 plugs into a 8 pin female header on the board, Nano connnects to 8 pin male header on the same board. I use the boards for all my NRF24 projects, regardless of the Arduino type, it’s a clean solution.