As pointed out by others, you need 250R or 500R for 5 or 10-volts from 4-20mA - don't forget the 4-mA offset to get it scaled right. Normally, you would use a 0.1% precision resistor, but it doesn't matter here.
If you shoved in 0 - 10 volts, then that's curtains. Again, it doesn't matter here, but 4-20-mA devices have to have enough oomph (compliance) to run everything. It's quite normal for a 4-20 device to output to several measuring items (chart recorder, data-logger, telemetry system) all in series, but if the total voltage drop across all the resistors exceeds the compliance voltage, it won't work.
Yes, get the DMM out before connecting to the Arduino or anything else or you won't get a career in instrumentation.
Out of interest, what is your 4-20 device?