If it killed something other than the microcontroller, it was the regulator, and/or if it's got the Uno style power switching circuit, the opamp for the power switching.
I think it is very likely however that you fried the microcontroller.
Pictures of it would be nice and a link to where a data sheet and shc would be great.
Then we could see what got hit it maybe just the regulator is all that you messed up.
Have you tried asking the pneuduino folks? Did you kill THEIR hardware or an Arduino? They have an Eagle schematic but without knowing what hardware is dead not much point going on.
in the second pic, the large 4pin regulator and small MOSFETS got super hot and almost fell off. Do you think the damage was likely limited to these components?
in the second pic, the large 4pin regulator and small MOSFETS got super hot and almost fell off. Do you think the damage was likely limited to these components?
would these components work as replacements? is there any chance I'd screw up the rest of the board if I tried to replace them?
The MOSFETS have an internal diode which should help protect them in reverse polarity situations if I understand their purpose correctly. Do you still get a switching voltage to the gate? Still, hot enough to 'almost fall off'? I wouldn't hold out much hope. Heat destroys electronic parts. If you get the gate voltage then try replacing them. If you don't, not much point because the circuit is toasted upstream.