Running the simplest sketch on an ESP8266MOD, the Serial Monitor works fine at 115200 with Serial.print() until I call display.begin(), then the serial monitor fails to output anything (but the display works fine).
Is this known that the serial monitor is incompatible with OLED displays? Unusual? Is there a work-around?
It is known that OLED are compatible with serial monitor.
Yes
No work-around is needed, just fix your code/circuit.
A description of your circuit is not a schematic, especially not a partial one. But those are the correct pins for i2c. How is serial monitor connected?
You have either a wiring or code problem, or both.
Post the code, using code tags, and a hand drawn wiring diagram, and folks will be happy to provide helpful observations.
For posting hints, carefully read and follow the directions in the "How to get the best out of the forum" post, linked at the head of every forum topic.
If you had posted the code in the original post, as the forum guide suggests, there's a good chance someone would have spotted that error for you earlier.
The board you appear to be using does not have a USB interface:
Ah, nah, it's just the same 8266 you see for sale literally everywhere on the internet, I have never seen it sold bare like that, probably wouldn't be asking a "hello world" question about the serial monitor if I was using it bare, lol.
The answer to whether or not the behavior was irregular was sufficient to make me pry deeper, thanks again.
There must be 50+ esp8266-based boards available. You were specific: ESP8266MOD, so I googled and found that.
So... To avoid confusion, get to the right answers quickly and avoid wasting your time and others time:
Post your code
Post your schematic
Post links to the components you are using
These suggestions and more are explained in the forum guide which can be found in the sticky post at the top of most forum sections. Everyone is encouraged to read them before posting for the first time.