Carefully check your wiring. Wiggle connections if you use a solderless breadboard (or even rebuild the circuit) - poor connections are a common problem. If you have other I2C devices connect those, see what happens. If you see those but not your colour sensor, the colour sensor is faulty.
The adafruit module has level shifters and so on board so not likely it failed due to wrong connections, though reversing power can still be rather disastrous.