In spite of the similar names analogRead() and analogWrite() have nothing to do with each other.
analogRead() only works on the analog pins (A0 to A5 on the Uno).
analogWrite() causes a Pulse-Width-Modulated signal to appear on the PWM pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 11 on the Uno).
This means that analogRead() does not work on the pins that analogWrite() uses, and vice versa.
No harm will come to the Arduino if you apply 5v to any of the digital or analog pins as long as they have been set with pinMode(ppp, INPUT) - where ppp is the pin number. The voltage must be at least 0v and at most 5v to avoid damage.
...R