Any plans to document IDE debugger UI usage?

It shows the value of variables.

It only shows when the execution is paused at a breakpoint. For example, here I placed a breakpoint at line 57 of the File > Examples > 02.Digital > BlinkWithoutDelay sketch:

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The Arduino IDE developers are tracking something like this here:

However, I'm wondering whether you are referring to the same problem. The reason is that I find the contrast of the current line highlight is reasonably good with the themes other than "Dark".

Here I can see the execution point is at line 35 by the gray background color of that line when using the "Light" theme:

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It is somewhat subtle, but I personally find it to be sufficient (I understand that it might not be for others, but we provide the "High Contrast" themes to accommodate that).

And here I can see it is at line 35 by the brown outline and line number coloration when using the "Dark High Contrast" theme:

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Did I misunderstand what you meant?