I think the OP is looking for something faster than midi; if you look at the Teabox page, they compare midi's max update rate (25ms) to the Teabox (.25ms).
Judging from that page, I would say that Arduino is not going to go as fast as the OP would like. They're probably using a 1.5MB+ USB connection on the Teabox, which is very fast compared to Arduino.