Arduino Due and ultrasonic sensor with timer interrupts

Obviously, this is not the right way to call a callback function.

To clear the status register, you have to call Tc_getStatus(TCx) inside the TC Interrupt Handler. I guess there must be example sketches in the Due library you are using.... Or use another one

A Serial.print() takes some hundreds of us, that's why you can't Serial.print() inside an interrupt Handler.