I'm having a very similar problem with Arduino IDE & my Mac pro m3 laptop running macOS Sequoia 15.2.
Running Arduino IDE 2.3.4
I have a Leonardo that works perfectly on my Linux desktop computer. I'm using the same Leonardo & USB C cable on my mac laptop that I'm successfully using on my Linux desktop but the Leonardo (which is running a blink program) doesn't even get powered on by the mac laptop (no blinkenlights!)
I see 3 similar USB ports in my Arduino IDE on the mac.
It's too bad this just doesn't seem to work.
The additionally odd thing is that I can successfully connect a ESP32-C device to the same USB C cable on the mac laptop and I do indeed see a USB port appear in the Arduino IDE.
USB shows up as /dev/cu.usbserial-0001 and works properly with the ESP32 device.
Im guessing that the laptop reads some value from the device & decides either:
1 - ok I'll connect
2 - nope, not gonna do it.