Arduino Micro with MicroSD card breakout board (Adafruit)

Hi.

Have another look at your picture and at the comments in your sketch.
I don't know where you got that pinout in your picture, but it shows pins for MISO MOSI and SCK, and you need these pins.
Are you sure you have the right pins ?

The pins that can be found here (scroll down a bit), show that you might have the correct pins, but assigned the wrong functions to it.
In that case you mixed up DO (or MOSI) and SCK.
And that is when i'm just looking at the pin positions of the Micro, and not at the other function descriptions in your picture.

Be sure to use a correct reference when deciding which pins you are going to use.