Not exactly what your looking for as its a hardware solution instead of a fix of the firmware you linked to.
Google "i2c multiplexer" gives lots of options but the most promising is this or this if you must have it in a RPi pluggable version.
Normally that would solve this problem, but in my case it's a "chicken-egg case":
to have at least one I2C port connected via USB > I need at least 1 of these boards with a firmware.
(I can not use the RPi's I2C port directly only the USBs, and it's 3m far. )*
if I have such a firmware >> I won'T need any expanders or multiplexers, because I can simply flash my other NANOs too and use simply an USB HUB + even 5m USB cables to connect more. (With I2C those distances are tricky, and would probably transfer only 10Kbit instead of 480Mbit base. Need to connect lots of I2C devices with same address, so splitting into separate Buses is a must for a whole home-automatisation project.)
Still, I'm very happy you are trying to help me. (Nobody else did so far.)
I'm no use with trying to modify this project to suit your board. I can see a couple of values that need changing to suit the Nano but have no way of compiling a hex file from that.
I would suggest you buy the hardware to match the pre compiled main.hex file in the repository.
Not affiliated to the ebay supplier but there appears to be two versions available here and here. I suggest you maybe buy one of what suits best (direct USB connection / USB connector) and see if it works as you want.