Welcome to the forum.
please read 'how to use this forum' on tips.
it is a sticky post on the top of every forum. especially note #7
as for your first post.
getting rid of all the un-neeeded text, it looks like you have two questions.
#1) can you power from a 5v power supply salvaged from old phone
YES
#2) power , what is the best way ?
you will need sufficient power at each MOTOR. you are powering the motor with the needed power. your signals are low power so are secondary.
running power wires inside of walls is bit of a challenge, but will look the best.
AC is much better for distance than DC due to wire resistance.
I would run the wires on the surface to get the parts in and working and make it work the way I wanted, then consider how to hide the wires. each window location might offer different options.