I did mention STM32F103C generic so I am not sure what you refer to as "core".
This generic board is also called "Bluepill"
I installed the new board with the Board Manager and I can compile and upload the Blink example in the "Other Boards" Examples (now added to my Arduino IDE.)
So the problem is a missing (or differently-named) file in the third-party core you installed to support the third-party 'STM32duino' board.
My guess would be that they put 'arm_math.h' as 'math.h', possibly in a directory named 'arm' or 'stm32'. I would look for 'math.h' in the downloaded content: C:\Users\MIKE\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\hardware
I did copy arm_math.h from the Arduino library and past it into the same folder with all the other include files for this project.
Now arm_math_cm3 is the next error so after a lot of searching I found a similar post that suggest to #define arm_math_cm3 now the second error is also gone .
But now I am stuck with a bunch of new errors which is way beyond my skill level.
My conclusion now is :(For myself)
Do not attempt to copy code from a different compiler into Arduino ide and magic will happen.
I am still searching for a DSP Radio noise filter for the STM32F103C complete project for Arduino or STMCUBE32.
It looks like your sketch is using CMSIS, a library for supporting a variety of ARM processors. It appears to be something you would use on Windows32 or Linux64 running on an ARM processor. I don't know if it is possible to get it to work on an ARM-based Arduino.