In the IDE, File->Preferences->Show Verbose Output … During Build will spew some logging that will let you find the build artifacts.
I use "avr-objdump" to dump the contents of the .elf file. I don't believe it's part of the Arduino install, but you can get it as part of Crosspack AVR at: http://www.obdev.at/products/crosspack/index.html
-br