It would be really neat if we could get the sampling rate up above 10kHz,
According to the datasheet, the best the arduino is going to do is less that 9khz.
Clock is 16Mhz, ADC prescalar is 128, so the ADC cycle rate is 125Khz. It takes
a minimum of 13 cycles to do one ADC conversion, which gives a total sample rate
of under 9Khz.
The datasheet implies that if you go for lower resolution, you can push the sample
rate, but I have no idea how that would work.
HTH,