I am sharing my particular solution to the above error code.
So, I've spent nearly 5 hrs today just trying to get my LED on my Duemilanove to blink, using the Getting Started Guide here (http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/Windows), and the built-in blink program example. I kept getting stuck on Step 9, trying to "Upload the Program." I am using a Duemilanove I got from a friend, on Windows 7. I kept getting the error, "avrdude: stk500_getsync(): not in sync: resp=0x00."
I checked the Troubleshooting guide, under the section called "Why I can't upload my programs to the Arduino board?" (http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/Troubleshooting#toc1), and found no viable solutions.
Finally, I found a solution. Using this USBasp programmer I had on hand (Radio Control Planes, Drones, Cars, FPV, Quadcopters and more - Hobbyking), with the version 1.2.6.0 driver installed (libusb-win32 - Browse Files at SourceForge.net --> "Download libusb-win32-bin-1.2.6.0.zip (913.2 kB)"), I was able to program the Arduino and get the blink program to load and function. Then, by reloading the bootloader to the Arduino, using this USBasp programmer, I got the Arduino's built-in programmer to function via its USB cable. Voila! All done.
To use the USBasp programmer to upload a program to the Arduino, in the Arduino development program, I selected Tools --> Board --> Arduino Duemilanove w/ATmega 328 (for my particular Arduino), and Tools --> Programmer --> USBasp. Then, to upload a "sketch" (program), go to File --> Upload Using Programmer (note, the 6-pin header on the USBasp must be plugged into the six pins on the Arduino, with the smooth [cable-less] side of the connector toward the outside of the Arduino board).
To use the USBasp programmer to reload the bootloader to my Arduino, I went to Tools --> Burn Bootloader.
Once this was done, the Upload function via the USB cable, as the Getting Started Guide explains, worked fine.
Warning: do NOT plug in the USBasp programmer to the Arduino simultaneously with the USB cable to the Arduino, unless the J1 jumper is removed on the USBasp, or problems could arise. The J1 jumper allows the Arduino to get power via the USBasp programmer. Therefore, to use only the USBasp programmer, have the J1 jumper on the USBasp programmer, and the Arduino USB cable unplugged.