For power-over-ethernet the data signal is already balanced and transformer-coupled so you only have to replace certain centre-tap ground-connections with the power rail I believe - although for ether with spare pairs (100Mbit) power can also simply be wired through the spare pairs.
cjdelphi:
Can i inject an AC signal into an existing AC line? eg a data line?
Yes. The X-10 standard has been one method used for several decades for sending and receiving signalling information over a typical household AC power wiring to allow remote control of lighting and other consumer devices. Here is a pretty good write up on the method the standard uses and even gives example of interface circuitry that can be used. http://www.x10pro.com/pro/pdf/technote.pdf
There's also an X 10 Library in the playground and the X 10 modems can be found on Ebay. I bought 3 for about $15.00 Ea.. In an hour, 2 for a project I'm working on and one spare. There are 2 types TW523/PSC06 duplex or TW513/PSC05 simplex. Lefty pointed put that there is an active forum that 'looks' OK with more than a few Arduino users... Too.